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Planned Event Types

The following event types have identified case studies but have not yet been added to the EWB evaluation dataset. They are documented here as a reference for future releases. Cases will be incorporated as metrics, higher-resolution model output, and additional verification data become available.

Derechos

Many of these are cross-listed with outbreaks. If they don’t generate enough tornadoes to meet the outbreak criteria, they are not cross-listed but many derecho events do generate some number of tornadoes.

US-based events

  1. July 13 - 16, 2024
  2. Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 - Wikipedia
  3. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail
  4. May 19 - 27, 2024
  5. Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 - Wikipedia
  6. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail
  7. Houston derecho, May 16, 2024
  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Houston_derecho
  9. Not a large-scale tornado outbreak but it did generate a few tornadoes so cross-listed with tornado and derecho
  10. April 1- 3, 2024
  11. Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 - Wikipedia
  12. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho
  13. June 29, 2023
  14. Derecho Summary: June 29, 2023
  15. June 29, 2023 - Derecho, Significant Hail, Tornadoes
  16. Midwest Derecho - 2023
  17. There are 7 tornadoes with this but that doesn’t meet our tornado outbreak criteria.
  18. Feb 21 - 28 2023
  19. February 2023 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  20. Cross-listed with blizzards, derecho, wind, hail, and tornado outbreaks
  21. Derecho is Feb 26, 2023
  22. July 5, 2022
  23. July 5th, 2022 Derecho and Significant Hail
  24. Derecho turns sky green, sweeps through 5 states with 90 mph winds
  25. NWS confirms derecho swept through southeastern South Dakota with winds up to 99 mph
  26. From wikipedia: “The storms went through the upper Midwest, causing widespread wind damage across the region. This makes the fourth derecho in 7 months to hit the area, when the area typically only gets one every two years. The storms were very high in precipitation, which made the sky appear as a bright green color. The derecho produced two tornadoes in Iowa.”
  27. June 13-14, 2022
  28. June 13, 2022 Severe Weather/Derecho
  29. Derecho June 13th, 2022
  30. Worst storm outages in Tri-State since 2012 derecho, Duke Energy says
  31. One year later: Looking back at the 2022 Derecho that hit northeast Indiana | WANE 15
  32. From wikipedia: “Multiple mesoscale convective systems, with one classified as a derecho thus far by the National Weather Service in Northern Indiana, caused widespread damage and power outages across the Midwestern United States. Damage was particularly intense around the Fort Wayne, Indiana area and portions of northwest Ohio. Another possible derecho caused the worst power outages in the Cincinnati metropolitan area since the June 29, 2012, event. The derecho produced four tornadoes in Ohio and one tornado in Illinois.”
  33. May 12, 2022
  34. May 2022 Midwest derecho - Wikipedia
  35. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail
  36. SPC reports
  37. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  38. Dec 15-16, 2021
  39. Oct 7, 2020
  40. Aug 10, 2020
  41. June 10, 2020
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2020#June_6%E2%80%9310_(non-Cristobal_events)
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events
    • From Wikipedia: “A widespread thunderstorm wind event known as a squall line formed from a slowly progressing cold front, that was possibly associated with the remnants of Tropical Storm Cristobal. The squall line, later classified as a derecho, blasted the eastern Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada. A rare moderate risk of severe weather was issued for a large part of Michigan and parts of Ohio and Indiana; these regions had not had a moderate risk of severe weather since 2013. With a 5% chance for a tornado 45% hatched chance for damaging winds and 15% chance for damaging hail. Roughly 300 reports of high winds or wind damage were received from Michigan to western New York leaving 700,000 people without power. The storm system produced 7 tornadoes in the Canadian province of Ontario.”
    • List of derecho events - Wikipedia
    • Cross-listed with flooding, derecho, and TC
  42. June 6-7, 2020
  43. June 3, 2020
  44. May 3 2020
  45. April 28-29, 2020
    • Not happy that the link on wikipedia is to X/Twitter but news on this one is sparse
    • https://www.reddit.com/r/weather/comments/ga7vk2/this_derecho_stretching_from_illinois_missouri/?rdt=53400
    • SPC reports
    • Storm Prediction Center 20200428's Storm Reports
    • https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200429_rpts.html
    • From wikipedia: “A derecho brought damaging winds to parts of the central U.S. Tuesday night. Near Jasper, Missouri, a semi truck was overturned on Interstate 49 early Tuesday evening because of damaging thunderstorm winds from this squall line. A 75 mph (121 km/h) wind gust was estimated in the area of the incident. Tulsa, Oklahoma, reported estimated wind gusts of 65–75 mph (105–121 km/h) when the squall line of thunderstorms impacted that area early Tuesday evening. A wind gust to 64 mph (103 km/h) was clocked at Springfield–Branson National Airport in southwestern Missouri early Tuesday evening. Some 70 miles (110 km) to the west in Joplin, Missouri, and its suburbs, there were reports of trees and power lines down. The storms also produced hail up to the size of tennis balls – 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) in diameter – near Marshall, Mustang, Ninnekah and Yukon, Oklahoma. This storm system produced more than 450 reports of severe weather in the 24 hours ending early Wednesday morning from Illinois, Missouri and southeastern Kansas to parts of Texas and Louisiana. Most of those reports were for wind damage, strong thunderstorm winds or large hail. The derecho traveled more than 500 miles (800 km) before moving off the coast of Texas and Louisiana into the Gulf of Mexico and produced winds up to 78 mph (126 km/h) with hail up to 3.75 inches (9.5 cm) in diameter and a few tornadoes including a short-lived EF2 tornado north of Hochatown, Oklahoma that tossed two barges over 100 yd (91 m), a home's roof deck was collapsed, and a single-wide manufactured home was destroyed, with its base frame twisted and tossed 100 yd (91 m) to the east. A second house suffered significant roof and structural damage after large gas tanks were tossed into it. A third house had roofing material removed. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.” Source: List of derecho events - Wikipedia

Global derechos

  1. May 21, 2022
  2. May 2022 Canadian derecho - Wikipedia
  3. June 30 2020, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
  4. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/105/7/BAMS-D-23-0063.1.xml

Flooding

We broke flooding into three main causes and provide case-studies for each of these causes. The data used to select case studies for flooding came from:

Flooding categories

Other Floods

Note some of these cases come from TC remnants.

The data used to identify these cases comes from:

US-based events

  1. Aug 18 2024 - Northeast
  2. Extreme rainfall brings catastrophic flooding to the Northeast in August 2024 | NOAA Climate.gov
  3. July 13 - 16, 2024
  4. Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 - Wikipedia
  5. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail
  6. June 20-21 2024 Midwest floods
  7. Record Rainfall Floods Midwest
  8. June 11-13 2024 Florida
  9. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202406+-+Rainfall+-+Florida
  10. January 8 - 10 2024
  11. January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  12. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding
  13. November 15 - 16 2023 Florida
  14. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Rainfall+-+Florida
  15. September 28 - 29 2023 New York
  16. September 2023 New York floods - Wikipedia
  17. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202309+-+Rainfall+-+New+York+City
  18. Sep 19 2023 Arizona Monsoon
  19. https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/heavy-rainfall-in-arizona/
  20. September 8 - 13 2023 Northeast US
  21. September 2023 northeastern U.S. floods - Wikipedia
  22. Jul 9 - 29 2023 Northeastern US
  23. June 7-8, 2022
  24. June 15-18, 2023
  25. May 10-12, 2023
  26. May 6-8, 2023
  27. April 12 2023 Florida
  28. April 18 - 20 2022 SE US
  29. July 26-30 2022 Eastern Kentucky
  30. Oct 30 - Nov 7 2021
  31. August 24 2021 Tennessee
  32. May 2021 - Louisiana and East Texas
  33. March 24-28, 2021
  34. April 5- 10 2020 Southern CA
  35. April 12, 2020

Worldwide events

  1. October 29 - 2024 Spain
  2. What is DANA, the strange weather phenomenon that has caused deadly flooding in Spain? | Live Science
    1. (A DANA is a kind of extratropical cyclone, thus I’m putting it in other large-scale flooding as it isn’t a hurricane. Also it is unique to Spain so that makes this event good to include!)
  3. October 2024 Spain floods - Wikipedia
  4. September 12 - 17 2024 (Boris)
  5. 202409 - Rainfall - Central Europe
  6. Here’s why Central Europe has had disastrous flooding and torrential rain
  7. August 2024 Bangladesh
  8. August 2024 Bangladesh floods - Wikipedia
  9. Jul 28 - 29 2024 Latvia
  10. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202407+-+Rainfall+-+Latvia
  11. June 1-2 2024 Sri Lanka Monsoon flooding
  12. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202405+-+Rainfall+-+Sri+Lanka
  13. May 10 -11 2024 Afghanistan
  14. Afghanistan – Devastating Flash Floods Claim Hundreds of Lives in Northern Provinces – FloodList
  15. Afghanistan Flooding
  16. March 7 2024 Indonesia
  17. Indonesia – Deadly Floods and Landslides in West Sumatra After 300mm of Rain in 6 Hours – FloodList
  18. 2024 Sumatra flash floods - Wikipedia
  19. April 16 2024 UAE
  20. 202404 - Rainfall - UAE
  21. April 30 -May 2 2024 Brazil
  22. TIGGE archive
  23. Jan 27 - 28 2024 Auckland
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+Auckland
  24. December 31 2023 Maldives
    1. 202312 - Rainfall - Maldives
  25. Oct 17 - 21 2023 Windstorm Babet Western coast of Europe
    1. 202310 - Windstorm - Babet
    2. Cross-listed with winds
  26. Sep 2 - 7 2023 Storm Daniel - Europe
    1. Part 1: https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=348806265
    2. Part 2: 202309 - Rainfall - Daniel Part 2 (Libya)
    3. Cross-listed with TCs
  27. Aug 4 - Aug 10 2023 Cyclone Hans
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden
    2. Cross-listed with wind
  28. Aug 3 - 4 2023 Slovenia
    1. 202308 - Rainfall - Slovenia
  29. July 12 - 15 2023 South Korea
    1. 202307 - Rainfall - South Korea
  30. June 3 - 7 2023 Madeira
    1. 202306 - Rainfall - Madeira
  31. May 12 - May 17 2023 Italy from a storm called Minerva
    1. 202305 - Rainfall - Italy / the Balkans
  32. March 28 - April 1 Britain and France - Windstorm Mathis
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis
    2. Cross-listed with winds
  33. Feb 17 - 20 2023 Sao Paulo Brazil
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Rainfall+-+Sao+Paulo
  34. Feb 9 2023 Cyclone Helios
    1. 202302 - Rainfall - Helios
  35. Sep 15 2022 - Italy
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Rainfall+-+Italy
  36. Aug 7 - 10 2022 Korea
    1. TIGGE archive
  37. August 2022 Pakistan
    1. 202208 - Flooding - Pakistan
  38. July 27 2022 - UAE
    1. 202207 - Rainfall - UAE
  39. April 8 - 22 2022 - Africa
    1. 2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods - Wikipedia
    2. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202204+-+Rainfall+-+South+Africa
  40. Feb 23 - April 7 2022 - Eastern Australia
    1. 2022 eastern Australia floods - Wikipedia (Lismore got the most media attention)
    2. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Rainfall+-+Australia
  41. Jan 18 - 23 2022 - Madagascar
    1. 2022 Antananarivo floods - Wikipedia
  42. Nov 14 - 18 2021 Canada
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202111+-+Rainfall+-+Canada
  43. Nov 4 - 5 2021 Balkans
    1. 202111 - Rainfall - Balkans
  44. Oct 24 - 26 2021 Italy
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Italy
  45. Oct 14 2021 - Greece
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Greece
  46. Aug 17 - 18 Sweden
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Sweden
  47. Aug 11 - 12 2021 Turkey
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Turkey
  48. July 17 - 31 2021 - China
    1. 2021 Henan floods - Wikipedia
    2. Typhoon In-fa - Wikipedia contributed (but is not the only cause)
  49. July 12 - 14 2021 - Germany and Belgium
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202107+-+Rainfall+-+Germany+and+Belgium
    2. 2021 - Flooding in Europe
  50. May 28 - 31 2021 - New Zealand
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Rainfall+-+New+Zeeland
  51. March 18 - 21 2021 - Australia
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202103+-+Rainfall+-+Australia
  52. January 2021 - Singapore
    1. Part 1: 202101 - Rainfall - Singapore Part 1
    2. Part 2: https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Rainfall+-+Singapore+Part+2
  53. Nov 27 - 29 2020 Sardinia
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202011+-+Rainfall+-+Sardinia
  54. Oct 11 - 14 2020 India
    1. 2020 Hyderabad floods - Wikipedia
  55. July 1-4 2020 Japan
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202007+-+Rainfall+-+Japan
  56. April 19 - 21 2020 Spain
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Rainfall+-+Spain
  57. January 20 -21 2020 Windstorm Gloria - Spain
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria
    2. Cross-listed with winds and flooding
    3. Storm Gloria - Wikipedia

Tropical Cyclone Flooding

Some of the data used to identify TC floods came from

US-based events

  1. Hurricane Helene (Cat 4, Sep 24-27 2024)
  2. Hurricane Helene - Wikipedia
  3. https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-helene-predecessor-rain-event/
  4. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-Helene
  5. Location: Southeast coast
  6. Cross-list with floods
  7. Francine (Cat 2, Sep 9-12 2024)
  8. Hurricane Francine - Wikipedia
  9. Cross-listed with flooding
  10. Hurricane Hone (Aug 22 - Sep 8 2024)
  11. Hurricane Hone - Wikipedia
  12. Cross-listed with floods
  13. Hurricane Debby (Aug 3 - 9 2024)
  14. Hurricane Debby (2024) - Wikipedia
  15. 202408 - Tropical Cyclone - Debby
  16. Cross-listed with flooding
  17. Hurricane Beryl (Cat 5, June 28 - July 9 2024)
  18. Cross-listed with floods
  19. Hurricane Beryl - Wikipedia
  20. Hurricane Lee (Cat 5, Sep 5 - 16, 2023)
  21. Hurricane Lee (2023) - Wikipedia
  22. Cross-listed with flooding
  23. Hurricane Hilary (Cat 4, Aug 16 - 20 2023)
  24. Cross-listed with flooding
  25. https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-hurricane-hilary-20-21-august-2023/
  26. Hurricane Hilary - Wikipedia
  27. Hurricane Ian (Cat 5, Sep 23 - 30, 2022)
  28. Hurricane Ian - Wikipedia
  29. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Ian
  30. Cross-listed with floods
  31. Hurricane Fiona (Cat 4, Sep 14 - 23, 2022)
  32. Hurricane Fiona - Wikipedia
  33. Cross-listed with flooding
  34. Tropical Storm Alex (June 5-7 2022)
    1. Tropical Storm Alex (2022) - Wikipedia
  35. Hurricane Ida (Cat 4, Aug 26-Sep 1 2021)
    1. Cross-listed with floods
    2. Effects of Hurricane Ida in the Northeastern United States - Wikipedia
    3. Hurricane Ida - Wikipedia
    4. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Rainfall+-+Ida
  36. Hurricane Henri (Cat 1, Aug 15 - 23 2021)
    1. Hurricane Henri - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with flooding
  37. Tropical storm Fred (TS, Aug 11 - 17 2021
    1. Tropical Storm Fred (2021) - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with flooding
  38. Tropical Cyclone Claudette June 19-23 2021
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Claudette_(2021)
    2. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs and tornado outbreaks
  39. Hurricane Sally (Cat 2, Sep 11 - 17 2020)
    1. Hurricane Sally - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with flooding
  40. Tropical Storm Amanda and Tropical Storm Cristobal (TS, May 30 - June 12 2020)
    1. Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal - Wikipedia
    2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2020#June_6%E2%80%9310_(non-Cristobal_events)
    3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events
    4. Cross-listed with flooding, derecho, and TC

Worldwide events

  1. Tropical Storm Trami (Oct 19 - 29 2024)
  2. Cross-listed with flooding
  3. At least 126 dead and missing in massive flooding and landslides in Philippines | AP News
  4. Tropical Storm Trami (2024) - Wikipedia
  5. Cyclone Asna (Cyclonic storm, Aug 25 - Sep 2 2024)
  6. Cyclone Asna - Wikipedia
  7. Cross-listed with floods
  8. Typhoon Yagi (Severe Tropical Storm Enteng) (Cat 5 equivalent, violent typhoon, Aug 31-Sep 8 2024)
  9. Cross-listed with flooding
  10. Typhoon Yagi - Wikipedia
  11. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+
  12. Tropical Storm Prapiroon (TD Butchoy) (Severe TS, July 19-24 2024)
  13. Cross-listed with flooding
  14. Tropical Storm Prapiroon (2024) - Wikipedia
  15. TC Belal January 15 2024
  16. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Belal
  17. Cross-listed in flooding
  18. Cyclone Kirrily (Cat 1, Jan 12 - Feb 5 2024)
  19. Cyclone Kirrily - Wikipedia
  20. Caused flooding - cross listed with floods
  21. Tropical Low 03U - Australia (Jan 11–23, 2024)
  22. 2023–24 Australian region cyclone season - Wikipedia
  23. Tropical Cyclone Jasper Australia. 4 December 2023 – 13 December 2023 (record breaking flooding and poorly forecast) (Cat 5)
  24. Cyclone Jasper - Wikipedia
  25. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Queensland
  26. Hurricane Norman (Cat 4, Oct 17 - 23 2023)
  27. Hurricane Norma (2023) - Wikipedia
  28. Typhoon Doksuri (Super Typhoon Egay) (Very strong typhoon, July 20-30 2023)
    1. Cross-listed with flooding
    2. Typhoon Doksuri - Wikipedia
  29. Typhoon Lan (Very strong Typhoon, Aug 7 - 17 2023)
    1. Cross-listed with flooding
    2. Typhoon Lan (2023) - Wikipedia
  30. Typhoon Haikui (Typhoon Hanna) (Very strong typhoon, August 27 – September 6 2023)
    1. Cross-listed with floods and TCs
    2. Typhoon Haikui (2023) - Wikipedia
  31. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha, May 2023 Myranmar
    1. https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023
    2. “Several extreme precipitation events took place in 2023. In May, heavy rainfall led to the establishment of new daily precipitation records at certain stations in Myanmar.”
    3. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/d547c7dcb949a8b07aea2cc2e66a7bbc-0070062023/original/GRADE-CycloneMochaMay23Myanmar.pdf
    4. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/publication/global-rapid-post-disaster-damage-estimation-grade-report
    5. Cyclone Mocha - Wikipedia
    6. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202305+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Mocha
    7. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs
  32. Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy (Severe Tropical Cyclone Freddy) (Very intense tropical cyclone, 14 February – 14 March 2023)
    1. Cross-list with floods
    2. Cyclone Freddy - Wikipedia
  33. Typhoon Nanmadol (Super Typhoon Josie) (Violent typhoon, September 12–19, 2022)
    1. Typhoon Nanmadol (2022) - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with floods and TC
    3. “The strongest TC of the year, Typhoon Nanmadol, made landfall in the Kyushu region of Japan on 18 September. Record breaking maximum wind speeds were observed at eight stations, and record high 24-hour rainfall was observed at 13 stations. Nanmadol triggered evacuation orders for approximately four million people. After making landfall, it moved northward, passing through the western part of Honshu Island, causing damage to houses and injuries as it weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated in the north Pacific Ocean. Typhoon Nanmadol was reported to be associated with five deaths, to have affected over 1 300 people and to have caused an estimated more than US$ 2 billion in economic damages.”
    4. https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022
  34. Typhoon Noru (Super Typhoon Karding) (Very strong typhoon, September 21–29, 2022)
    1. Typhoon Noru - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with TC and floods
    3. “Typhoon Noru formed to the east of the Philippines, crossed Luzon Island, re-intensified in the South China Sea and made landfall in Viet Nam on 27 September, bringing heavy rain and causing flooding and landslides in Viet Nam, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand. In Viet Nam, in particular, heavy rainfall (a total of approximately 300 mm–600 mm) was recorded in Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces from 28 to 30 September, with 605 mm in Quynh Luu, causing serious flooding in low-lying areas and along river areas in the Quynh Luu, Thanh Chuong, and Hung Nguyen districts of Nghe An. Flooding induced by Typhoon Noru affected more than 11 000 hectares of rice crops, and killed or swept away about 155 000 cattle and poultry in Viet Nam.”
    4. https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022
  35. Typhoon Hinnamnor (Super Typhoon Henry) (Violent typhoon, August 27 –September 6, 2022)
    1. Cross-listed with flooding
    2. Typhoon Hinnamnor - Wikipedia
  36. Tropical Cyclone Gombe (Tropical cyclone, 5–17 March, 2022)
    1. Cross-list with floods
    2. Cyclone Gombe - Wikipedia
  37. Hurricane Agatha (Cat 2, May 28-31 2022)
    1. Hurricane Agatha - Wikipedia
  38. Tropical Cyclone Eloise (Tropical cyclone, 14 – 25 January, 2021)
    1. Cross-list with floods
    2. Cyclone Eloise - Wikipedia
  39. Hurricane Nora (Cat 1, Aug 25-30 2021)
    1. Cross-listed with flooding
    2. Hurricane Nora (2021) - Wikipedia
  40. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Tauktae (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, May 14 – 19, 2021)
    1. Cross-listed with floods
    2. Cyclone Tauktae - Wikipedia
    3. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Tauktae
  41. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas (Very severe cyclonic storm, May 23 – 28, 2021)
    1. Cross-list with floods
    2. Cyclone Yaas - Wikipedia
  42. Cyclonic Storm Gulab (/ɡuːˈləb/) and Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen (Sep 24 - Oct 4, 2021 in total)
    1. Cross-listed with floods
    2. Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen - Wikipedia
  43. Tropical Storm Linfa (Tropical storm, October 6–12, 2020)
    1. Cross-listed with floods
    2. Tropical Storm Linfa - Wikipedia
  44. Typhoon Goni (Super Typhoon Rolly) (Violent typhoon, October 26 – November 6 , 2020)
    1. Cross-listed with flooding
    2. Typhoon Goni - Wikipedia
  45. Typhoon Vamco (Typhoon Ulysse) (Very strong typhoon, November 8–16, 2020)
    1. Cross-listed with flooding
    2. Typhoon Vamco - Wikipedia
  46. Typhoon Hagupit (Severe Tropical Storm Dindo) (Typhoon, July 30 – August 5, 2020)
    1. Cross-listed with floods
    2. Typhoon Hagupit (2020) - Wikipedia
  47. Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan (Super cyclonic storm, May 16 – 21, 2020)
    1. Cross-list with floods
    2. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan
    3. Cyclone Amphan - Wikipedia

Tropical Cyclone Tornado Outbreaks

These tornado outbreaks are associated with a landfalling tropical cyclone. As with the tornado outbreaks, they are all US cases due to lack of global data on tornadoes.

  1. Hurricane Milton (Cat 5, Oct 5-10 2024)
  2. Hurricane Milton - Wikipedia
  3. Hurricane Beryl tornado outbreak, July 8–10 2024
  4. Hurricane Beryl tornado outbreak - Wikipedia
  5. Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak, August 29–September 2 2021
  6. Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak - Wikipedia
  7. Tropical Cyclone Claudette June 19-23 2021
  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Claudette_(2021)
  9. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs and tornado outbreaks
  10. Hurricane Isaias tornado outbreak, August 3–4 2020
  11. Hurricane Isaias (Cat 1, July 30 - Aug 4, 2020)
  12. Hurricane Isaias - Wikipedia
  13. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Isaias
  14. Cross-listed with hurricanes/TCs

Wind Events

Major large-scale wind events including bomb cyclones and others (Note that derechos are broken out separately)

US-based wind events

  1. Nov 18-21 2024 Bomb Cyclone and AR
  2. Bomb cyclone with atmospheric river blasts Oregon, Northern California and Washington
  3. CW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024 Outlook - Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes
  4. Cross-listed with AR and major winds and large-scale snow
  5. Feb 3 - 5 2024
  6. Cross-listed with Atmospheric rivers
  7. Atmospheric River impacts California
  8. Jan 13-16 2024, Winter Storm Heather
  9. January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm - Wikipedia
  10. Cross listed wind/blizzards
  11. Jan 10-14, 2024
  12. January 10–13, 2024 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  13. Cross-listed with wind and major freezes
  14. Winter Storm Finn, Jan 7-10 2024
  15. January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  16. Cross-listed with wind and blizzards
  17. Aug 4-8, 2023
  18. Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 - Wikipedia
  19. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events
  20. SPC reports
  21. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  22. Jul 28-29, 2023
  23. https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_07_28_SevereWeather
  24. https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28
  25. Cross-listed with major wind and hail
  26. SPC reports
  27. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  28. July 19-21, 2023
  29. Storm reports: Baseball-sized hail and high winds Wednesday | MPR News
  30. July 20, 2023 Severe Storms
  31. July 20, 2023 Severe Weather - Cleveland
  32. SPC reports
  33. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  34. June 28 - July 2, 2023
  35. Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail)
  36. SPC reports
  37. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  38. June 15-18, 2023
  39. June 11-14, 2023
  40. May 10-12, 2023
  41. May 6-8, 2023
  42. April 4-6, 2023
  43. March 31 - April 2, 2023
  44. March 9-17 2023, Winter Storm Sage
  45. Feb 26 - 27, 2023
  46. January 3 - 4 2022 East coast of US
  47. January 14 - 17 2022 North American and Canada
  48. January 22 - 31 2022 North Atlantic to Canada
  49. April 11-13, 2022
  50. July 22-23, 2022
  51. April 4 - 6, 2022
  52. January 31 - Feb 3 2021
  53. April 15-17 2021
  54. June 7-8, 2022
  55. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah
  56. Oct 30 - Nov 7 2021
  57. Oct 24-26 2021
  58. Oct 10-13 2021:
  59. Aug 10-13, 2021
  60. July 8 - 9, 2021
  61. May 2-4 2021
  62. March 24-28, 2021
  63. Jan 14-19 2020, Winter storm Jacob
  64. November 30–December 2 2020
  65. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter
  66. July 10-11, 2020
  67. May 3-5, 2020
  68. April 28, 2020
  69. April 21-22, 2020
  70. April 12, 2020
  71. April 7-8, 2020
  72. March 27-28, 2020
  73. Feb 5-7, 2020
  74. January 10–11, 2020

Global wind events

  1. Feb 22 - 23 2024 Windstorm Louis - Northern Europe
  2. 202402 - Windstorm - Louis
  3. Feb 1 2024 Windstorm Ingunn - Norway and Sweden
  4. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202402+-+Windstorm+-+Ingunn
  5. January 21 - 22 2024 Windstorm Isha UK
  6. 202401 - Windstorm - Isha
  7. Nov 12 2023 Windstorm Debi UK
  8. 202311 - Windstorm - Debi
  9. Nov 26 2023 Crimea Windstorm Bettina
  10. 202311 - Windstorm - Bettina
  11. Nov 2 2023 Windstorm Ciaran Western Europe
  12. 202311 - Windstorm - Ciaran
  13. Oct 17 - 21 2023 Windstorm Babet Western coast of Europe
  14. 202310 - Windstorm - Babet
  15. Cross-listed with winds
  16. Aug 4 - Aug 10 2023 Cyclone Hans
  17. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden
  18. Cross-listed with flooding
  19. July 5 2023 Windstorm Poly - Netherlands
  20. 202307 - Windstorm - Poly
  21. March 28 - April 1 Britain and France - Windstorm Mathis
  22. April 27 2021 Aleutian Islands
  23. Feb 17 2023 Scotland to Scandinavia - Windstorm Otto
  24. Jan 16 2023 - France Windstorm Gerard
  25. Feb 18 2022 - WIndstorm Eunice
  26. Jan 29 - 30 Windstorm Malik - Europe
  27. Jan 11-12 2021 Sweden
  28. Oct 20 - 22 2020 Windstorm Barbara - Europe
  29. Sep 30 - Oct 4 2020 - Windstorm Alex - Europe
  30. Aug 19 - 20 2020 Windstorm Ellen - Ireland
  31. Feb 15 - 16 2020 Windstorm Dennis - Northwestern Europe
  32. Feb 9 - 10 2020 Windstorm Ciara - UK
  33. January 20 -21 2020 Windstorm Gloria - Spain
  34. Jan 13-14 2020 Windstorm Brendan - UK and Ireland
  35. Jan 6 - 7 2020 Greece

Winter Weather

Winter weather was broken into two main categories of freezes and snow. Although ice storms are also highly impactful, they are not possible to predict with the current scale of global models and are left for future versions of EWB.

The data used to select the storms come from the following:

Winter categories

Snow Events

US-based events

  1. Nov 18-21 2024 Bomb Cyclone and AR
  2. Bomb cyclone with atmospheric river blasts Oregon, Northern California and Washington
  3. CW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024 Outlook - Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes
  4. Cross-listed with AR and major winds and large-scale snow
  5. Feb 10-18 2024 Nor’easter
  6. February 2024 nor'easter - Wikipedia
  7. Winter Storm Heather, Jan 12-18 2024
  8. January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm - Wikipedia
  9. January 8 - 10 2024
  10. January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  11. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding
  12. Jan 10-14, 2024
  13. January 10–13, 2024 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  14. Cross-listed with wind and major freezes
  15. Jan 13-16 2024, Winter Storm Heather
  16. January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm - Wikipedia
  17. Cross listed wind/blizzards
  18. Winter Storm Finn, Jan 7-10 2024
  19. January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  20. Cross-listed with wind
  21. March 31 - April 2, 2023
  22. Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 - Wikipedia
  23. Main event is March 31
  24. Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind
  25. SPC reports
  26. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  27. March 1-3 2023
  28. Early-March 2023 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  29. Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow
  30. SPC reports
  31. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  32. March 9-17 2023, Winter Storm Sage
  33. Feb 26 - 27, 2023
  34. January 3 - 4 2022 East coast of US, Winter Storm Frida
  35. Second storm (January 4–7, 2022), Winter Storm Garrett
  36. January 14 - 17 2022 North American and Canada
  37. January 22 - 31 2022 North Atlantic to Canada
  38. Feb 1-3 2022, Winter Storm Landon, Groundhog Snowstorm (focus on the snow at the end rather than the ice at the start)
  39. Feb 22-26 2022
  40. March 9-10 2022, Winter Storm Quinlan
  41. April 11-13, 2022
  42. April 18 - 20 2022 SE US
  43. May 20-21, 2022 Winter Storm Tad Colorado and Wyoming
  44. Nov 17 - 20 2022, Great lakes blizzard
  45. Dec 12-15 2022
  46. Dec 21-26 2022
  47. January 31 - Feb 3 2021
  48. Feb 6-8, 2021 Super bowl Sunday nor’easter
  49. Feb 13 - Feb 17 2021, Winter Storm Uri
  50. Feb 15-20, 2021 Winter Storm Viola or the North Texas Freeze
  51. March 4 - 17, 2021
  52. March 16-18 2021
  53. April 15-17 2021
  54. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah
  55. December 30, 2020 - January 3, 2021, New Year’s Storm
  56. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter
  57. December 5–6, 2020 nor'easter
  58. November 30–December 2 2020
  59. Oct 27 2020 - Winter Storm Billy
  60. Hurricane Zeta (Cat 3, Oct 24-29 2020)
  61. April 12, 2020
  62. Feb 9 - 13 2020, Winter storm Mabel
  63. Feb 5-7, 2020
  64. Feb 1 - 4 2020, Winter Storm Kade
  65. Jan 14-19 2020, Winter storm Jacob

Worldwide events

  1. November 22, 2024 Germany
  2. Germany (47.98 N,10.17 E) \< 10 km
    1. 06:00 UTC (+/- 3 hrs.)
    2. based on information from: a television or radio broadcast
    3. Impacts: Rail-/tram-/subway(s) unusable or closed
    4. https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/wetter-in-bayern-bis-zu-40-zentimeter-schnee-viele-unfaelle-auf-bayerns-strassen,UUpMXbO
    5. Reference: "Bis zu 40 Zentimeter Schnee: Viele Unfälle auf Bayerns Straßen", BR24, 22 NOV 2024
    6. report status: report confirmed by reliable source (QC1)
    7. contact: Thilo Kühne (ESWD management/ESSL Team)
  3. https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi
  4. May 15-16 2024 Korea
  5. Rare May snow advisory issued in Gangwon as region sees heavy snowfall
  6. April 2 2024 Sweden/Finland
  7. 202404 - Snowfall / Cold - Sweden / Finland
  8. Cross-listed with cold
  9. Feb 22 2024 Korea
  10. Heavy snow hits S. Korea, with more expected
  11. January 17 - 18 2024 France and Germany
  12. 202401 - Snowfall - France, Germany
  13. January 3 2024 Sweden
  14. 202401 - Snowfall - Southern Sweden
  15. Dec 30 2023 Korea
  16. (2nd LD) Seoul sees heaviest December snowfall in over 40 years; more snow expected over weekend | Yonhap News Agency
  17. Nov 25 - Dec 2 2023 Europe
  18. 202311 - Cold - Europe
  19. Munich hit by heaviest snowfall in 20 years, wakes up to 50 cm (1.6 feet) of snow and severe traffic disruption, Germany
  20. Cross-listed with snow/blizzards and major freeze
  21. August 2023 Chile
  22. August 2023 Chilean winter storm - Wikipedia
  23. Need to find more information
  24. June 2023 Chile
    1. June 2023 Chilean winter storm - Wikipedia
    2. Need to find more information
  25. January 25 2023 Japan
    1. Heavy snow causes havoc in Japan as cold snap sweeps through Asia | Reuters
    2. Cross-listed with snows and major freezes
  26. Dec 23-25 2022 Japan
    1. Heavy snow in Japan leaves at least 17 dead and dozens injured
    2. Heavy snow in Japan kills at least 17, injures dozens | CNN
  27. Nov 19 - 22 2022 Sweden
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202211+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden
  28. Jan 6 - 8 2022 Pakistan
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowfall+-+Pakistan
  29. Dec 1 2021 Sweden and Denmark
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202112+-+Snowstorm+-+Denmark%2C+Sweden
  30. Nov 25 - 27 2021 Storm Arwen, UK Ireland, France
    1. Cross-listed with winds
    2. Storm Arwen - Wikipedia
  31. January 2021 Japan
    1. Massive snowstorm turns deadly, strands thousands in western Japan
  32. Jan 11-12 2021 Sweden
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden
    2. Cross-listed with winds
  33. Dec 5 - 7 2020 Austria
    1. https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=208475032

Hailstorms

We focus our data on the US, again lacking global data, though we do have a few high-profile cases identified from collaborators and literature. If you have additional large-scale hail outbreaks to add, please let us know.

To be selected as a hail-outbreak, it must be a large-scale event. This means that it cannot have dropped only one giant hailstone or have only hit one city. We did not impose a specific minimum square footage but used the SPC storm reports database (in the US) to ensure that the hail was large scale.

US-based hail events

  1. July 13 - 16, 2024
  2. Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 - Wikipedia
  3. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail
  4. SPC reports:
  5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  6. June 24-26 2024
  7. SPC reports:
  8. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  9. June 12-14 2024
  10. SPC reports:
  11. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  12. May 30 2024
  13. From wikipedia: “An unusually strong storm blanketed a large portion of the northeast Denver metro area in the late evening. Golf ball-sized stones damaged homes and vehicles, in an event comparable to the May 2017 hail storm. Due to the late hour the storm hit, much of the hail would not melt until the following day”
  14. SPC reports:
  15. May 31 - June 1, 2024
  16. SPC reports
  17. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  18. May 27-28, 2024
  19. SPC reports:
  20. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  21. May 19 - 27, 2024
  22. Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 - Wikipedia
  23. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail
  24. SPC reports
  25. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  26. May 11-13 2024
  27. SPC reports
  28. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  29. May 6- 10, 2024
  30. Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 - Wikipedia
  31. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes
  32. SPC reports:
  33. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  34. April 25 - 28, 2024
  35. April 8-9, 2024
  36. April 1- 3, 2024
  37. March 13 - 15, 2024
  38. Feb 27, 2024
  39. Feb 10-11, 2024
  40. Sep 23-24, 2023
  41. Aug 11, 2023
  42. Aug 4-8, 2023
  43. Jul 28-29, 2023
  44. July 19-21, 2023
  45. June 28 - July 2, 2023
  46. June 21, 2023
  47. June 15-18, 2023
  48. June 11-14, 2023
  49. May 10-12, 2023
  50. May 6-8, 2023
  51. April 25-27, 2023
  52. April 19-20, 2023
  53. April 15, 2023
  54. April 4-6, 2023
  55. March 31 - April 2, 2023
  56. March 1-3 2023
  57. June 7-8, 2022
  58. May 19, 2022
  59. May 12, 2022
  60. May 9, 2022
  61. May 1-2, 2022
  62. April 11-13, 2022
  63. April 4 - 6, 2022
  64. July 8 - 9, 2021
  65. June 17 - 18, 2021
  66. May 2-4 2021
  67. April 28, 2021
  68. March 24-28, 2021
  69. July 10-11, 2020
  70. May 27, 2020
  71. May 20 - 23, 2020
  72. May 3-5, 2020
  73. April 28, 2020
  74. April 21-22, 2020
  75. April 7-8, 2020
  76. March 27-28, 2020
  77. March 2-3, 2020
  78. Feb 5-7, 2020
  79. January 10–11, 2020

Global hail events

For the future (when we add radar data), Australian radar-based observations available at level 2 in https://www.openradar.io/operational-network

  1. 24-Dec-2023 in Burpengary, QLD, Aus from Mt Stapy radar (16 cm)
  2. 23-Dec-2023 in Gatton, QLD, Aus from Marburg radar (12cm)
  3. 04-Dec-2023 in Gympie, QLD, Aus from Kanagin radar (12cm)
  4. January 27 2023 Argentina
  5. Identified from Toward a South American High-Impact Weather Reports Database in
  6. 19-Oct-2021 in Yalboroo, QLD, Aus from Mackay radar (16cm)
  7. 31-Oct-2020 in Springfield, QLD, Aus from radar 66 (15cm)
  8. June 13 2020
  9. Identified from From wikipedia: “Regarded as the hailstorm capital of Canada, a massive hailstorm of tennis-ball-sized pummeled northeastern Calgary and nearby communities. Preliminary damage estimates weigh in at least $1.2 billion, eclipsing the $400 million hailstorm event 10 years prior and becoming the 4th costliest natural disaster in Canada.”

Tornado Outbreaks

Note, we are focusing on outbreak days initially, because they are larger scale and more in line with what current global models can predict. As model resolution improves, we can add high-impact tornadoes that do not satisfy the outbreak criteria. Also, this is entirely centered on the US since that is where the vast majority of tornado outbreaks happen.

The outbreaks spawned by TCs are separated out into their own list.

An outbreak had to have at least 10 tornadoes to be selected.

US Tornado outbreaks

  1. July 13 - 16, 2024
  2. Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 - Wikipedia
  3. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail
  4. SPC reports:
  5. May 19 - 27, 2024
  6. Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 - Wikipedia
  7. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail
  8. SPC reports
  9. Houston derecho, May 16, 2024
  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Houston_derecho
  11. Not a large-scale tornado outbreak but it did generate a few tornadoes so cross-listed with tornado and derecho
  12. May 6- 10, 2024
  13. Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 - Wikipedia
  14. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes
  15. SPC reports:
  16. April 25 - 28, 2024
  17. Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024 - Wikipedia
  18. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes
  19. SPC reports:
  20. April 1- 3, 2024
  21. Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 - Wikipedia
  22. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail
  23. SPC reports:
  24. March 13 - 15, 2024
  25. Tornado outbreak of March 13–15, 2024 - Wikipedia
  26. Cross-listed with tornado and hail
  27. SPC reports:
  28. Feb 27, 2024
  29. Tornadoes of 2024 - Wikipedia
  30. Cross-listed with tornado and hail
  31. SPC reports
  32. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  33. January 8 - 10 2024
  34. January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  35. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding
  36. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
  37. Dec 9 - 10, 2023
  38. Aug 4-8, 2023
  39. June 28 - July 2, 2023
  40. June 20-26, 2023
  41. June 15-18, 2023
  42. May 10-12, 2023
  43. May 6-8, 2023
  44. April 4-6, 2023
  45. March 31 - April 2, 2023
  46. March 24-27, 2023
  47. March 1-3 2023
  48. Feb 26 - 27, 2023
  49. January 24, 2023
  50. January 12, 2023
  51. Dec 12-15 2022
  52. Nov 29-30, 2022
  53. Nov 4-5, 2022
  54. July 22-23, 2022
  55. June 7-8, 2022
  56. May 12, 2022
  57. April 11-13, 2022
  58. April 4 - 6, 2022
  59. March 30, 2022
  60. March 21-23, 2022
  61. March 5-7, 2022
  62. Dec 15-16, 2021
  63. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah
  64. July 28 - 29, 2021
  65. June 17 - 18, 2021
  66. May 2-4 2021
  67. March 24-28, 2021
  68. March 16-18 2021
  69. March 4 - 17, 2021
  70. Feb 13 - Feb 17 2021, Winter Storm Uri
  71. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter
  72. Aug 10, 2020
  73. April 21-22, 2020
  74. April 12, 2020
  75. April 7-8, 2020
  76. March 27-28, 2020
  77. March 2-3, 2020
  78. Feb 5-7, 2020
  79. January 10–11, 2020

Overall Severe Convection

This is a combination tornado and hail and wind days. We do not have the high enough resolution data to differentiate between tornadoes and wind and hail so we will just look at high-end events that did all of them.

US-based events

  1. July 13 - 16, 2024
  2. Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 - Wikipedia
  3. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail
  4. SPC reports:
    1. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713_rpts.html
    2. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714_rpts.html
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716_rpts.html
  5. May 19 - 27, 2024
  6. Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 - Wikipedia
  7. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail
  8. SPC reports
    1. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518_rpts.html
    2. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519_rpts.html
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522_rpts.html
  9. May 6- 10, 2024
  10. Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 - Wikipedia
  11. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes
  12. SPC reports:
    1. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506_rpts.html
    2. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507_rpts.html
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510_rpts.html
  13. April 25 - 28, 2024
  14. Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024 - Wikipedia
  15. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes
  16. SPC reports:
    1. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425_rpts.html
    2. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426_rpts.html
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428_rpts.html (not much hail this day)
  17. April 1- 3, 2024
  18. Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 - Wikipedia
  19. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail
  20. SPC reports:
    1. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501_rpts.html
    2. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502_rpts.html
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503_rpts.html
  21. March 13 - 15, 2024
  22. Tornado outbreak of March 13–15, 2024 - Wikipedia
  23. Cross-listed with tornado and hail
  24. SPC reports:
    1. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313_rpts.html
    2. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314_rpts.html
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315_rpts.html
  25. Feb 27, 2024
  26. Tornadoes of 2024 - Wikipedia
  27. Cross-listed with tornado and hail
  28. SPC reports
    1. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227_rpts.html
  29. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    1. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  30. January 8 - 10 2024
  31. January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
  32. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding
  33. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    1. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  34. Aug 4-8, 2023
  35. Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 - Wikipedia
  36. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events
  37. SPC reports
    1. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html
    2. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html
  38. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    1. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  39. June 28 - July 2, 2023
    1. Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail)
    2. SPC reports
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html
    7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    8. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  40. June 15-18, 2023
    1. Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html
    7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    8. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  41. May 10-12, 2023
    1. The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023
    2. May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather
    3. Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado
    4. SPC reports
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html
    7. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html
    8. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    9. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  42. May 6-8, 2023
    1. Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail - May 6, 2023
    2. May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust
    3. Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes - May 7, 2023
    4. Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado
    5. SPC reports
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html
    7. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html
    8. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html
    9. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    10. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  43. April 4-6, 2023
    1. April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes
    2. Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado
    3. April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind
    4. SPC reports
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html
    7. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html
    8. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    9. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  44. March 31 - April 2, 2023
    1. Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 - Wikipedia
    2. Main event is March 31
    3. Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind
    4. SPC reports
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html
    7. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html
    8. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    9. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  45. March 1-3 2023
    1. Early-March 2023 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html
    7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    8. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  46. Feb 26 - 27, 2023
    1. February 2023 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html
  47. July 22-23, 2022
    1. SPC reports
    2. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722_rpts.html
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723_rpts.html
    4. Cross-listed with wind and tornado
    5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    6. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  48. June 7-8, 2022
    1. Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022
    2. Severe Weather on June 8, 2022
    3. PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday
    4. Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding
    5. SPC reports
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html
    7. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html
    8. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    9. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  49. May 12, 2022
    1. May 2022 Midwest derecho - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html
    5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    6. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  50. April 11-13, 2022
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex
    2. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html
    7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    8. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  51. April 4 - 6, 2022
    1. Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html
    7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    8. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  52. Dec 15-16, 2021
    1. December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215_rpts.html
    5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    6. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  53. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah
    1. Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html
    5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    6. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  54. June 17 - 18, 2021
    1. June 2021 North American storm complex - Wikipedia
    2. SPC reports
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618_rpts.html
    5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    6. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
    7. Cross-listed with tornadoes and hail
  55. May 2-4 2021
    1. Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 - Wikipedia
    2. Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado
    3. May 3 - 4, 2021 Severe Weather
    4. Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind
    5. Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021
    6. SPC reports
    7. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html
    8. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html
    9. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    10. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
    11. Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail
  56. March 24-28, 2021
    1. Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html (mostly hail)
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html (low day in between waves)
    7. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html
    8. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html (could skip this day)
    9. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    10. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  57. April 21-22, 2020
    1. Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 - Wikipedia
    2. SPC reports
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html
    5. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados
    6. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    7. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  58. April 12, 2020
    1. 2020 Easter tornado outbreak - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html
    5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    6. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  59. April 7-8, 2020
    1. https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent
    2. Severe Weather and Tornadoes - April 8-9, 2020
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html
    6. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado
    7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    8. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  60. March 27-28, 2020
    1. Overview of the March 28 severe storms
    2. The Tornadoes of March 28 2020
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html (this day is TOR also)
    6. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    7. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
    8. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado
  61. March 2-3, 2020
    1. 2020 Nashville tornado outbreak - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303_rpts.html
    6. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    7. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  62. Feb 5-7, 2020
    1. Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 - Wikipedia
    2. Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail
    3. SPC reports
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html
    5. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html
    6. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html
    7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    8. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
  63. January 10–11, 2020
    1. Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 - Wikipedia
    2. SPC reports
    3. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html
    4. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html
    5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster
    6. NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms
    7. Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail

Worldwide events

We are lacking data to verify large-scale convective events outside the US. If you can provide such data, we can add cases to the dataset.

High-Risk Bust Days

High-risk bust days are defined as those days that SPC issued a high (or moderate risk) and the atmosphere did not cooperate. SPC is really good at their job and identifying cases within our 2020-2024 window meant there is only one such case. We provide this case and then provide dates identified by our colleagues at SPC for cases outside this window.

2020-2024 high-risk bust days

  1. 6 May 2024 (at least the southern end of the high risk was a bust)

Older high-risk and moderate risk bust days

These were provided by SPC forecasters as high-risk bust days: 1. 20 May 2019 (most notorious high risk bust - although arguably not a bust depending on who you ask)
2. 5 April 2017 (SE US high risk bust)
3. Apr 16 2002
4. Apr 06 2001
5. Apr 24 2007
6. Apr 05 2011
7. Mar 04 2004
8. Apr 26 2009
9. May 05 2003
10. Apr 13 2007

The following are moderate-risk bust days. 1. 2/27/11 MDT MO, 2/28/11 MDT KY/TN, 3/8/11 MDT LA/MS, 3/26/11 MDT AL, 4/10/11 MDT WI area, 5/11/11 MDT KS-OK, 5/30/11 MDT SD, 6/26/11 MDT NE, 9/5/11 MDT AL-GA
2. 4/15/12 MDT upper MS Valley
3. 1/29/13 MDT MS Valley, 5/29/13 MDT OK, 6/12/13 MDT IL, 12/21/13 MDT lower MS Valley
4. 4/3/14 MDT AR, 4/29/2014 MDT MS/AL, 6/30/14 MDT IA, 10/13/14 MDT lower MS Valley
5. 4/8/15 MDT OK-MO, 5/16/16 MDT KS
6. 5/26/16 MDT KS
7. 1/21/17 MDT southern AL